Literature Review: The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health
Introduction
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The widespread use of social media among adolescents has sparked concerns about its potential impact on their mental health. As social media platforms continue to evolve and become an integral part of adolescent life, it is essential to examine the existing literature on this topic. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on the impact of social media on adolescent mental health, highlighting both the positive and negative effects.
Positive Effects of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health
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Social media can have positive effects on adolescent mental health, such as providing a sense of connection and community (Best et al., 2014). Social media platforms can offer adolescents a space to connect with others who share similar interests and experiences, reducing feelings of loneliness and isolation (Burke et al., 2010). Moreover, social media can serve as a valuable resource for adolescents to access mental health information, support, and resources (Rideout, 2019).
Negative Effects of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health
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However, the majority of research suggests that social media use is associated with negative effects on adolescent mental health. Social media can contribute to increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness (Király et al., 2019). The constant stream of curated and manipulated content on social media can lead to unrealistic comparisons and decreased self-esteem (Gentile et al., 2014). Furthermore, cyberbullying, online harassment, and exposure to harmful content can have devastating effects on adolescent mental health (Hertz et al., 2017).
The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Sleep Disturbances
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Social media use has been linked to sleep disturbances, which can have severe consequences for adolescent mental health (Cain & Gradisar, 2010). The blue light emitted from screens can interfere with the body's production of melatonin, making it difficult for adolescents to fall asleep (Chang et al., 2016). Additionally, the fear of missing out (FOMO) and the pressure to constantly check social media notifications can lead to increased stress and anxiety, further disrupting sleep patterns (Király et al., 2019).
The Impact of Social Media on Body Image and Self-Esteem
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Social media can have a profound impact on adolescent body image and self-esteem. The constant exposure to idealized and unattainable beauty standards can lead to body dissatisfaction, negative self-comparison, and decreased self-esteem (Slater & Tiggemann, 2015). Furthermore, the emphasis on physical appearance and the pressure to present a perfect online persona can exacerbate existing body image concerns and mental health issues (Gilliland & Dunn, 2003).
Conclusion
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The impact of social media on adolescent mental health is a complex and multifaceted issue. While social media can provide a sense of connection and community, it is also associated with negative effects such as increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness. The relationship between social media use and sleep disturbances, as well as the impact of social media on body image and self-esteem, are also significant concerns. Further research is needed to fully understand the effects of social media on adolescent mental health and to develop effective strategies for mitigating its negative effects.
References:
Best, P., Manktelow, K., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27-36.
Burke, M., Marraccini, M. E., & McGannon, K. R. (2010). Social networking and social support: An analysis of Facebook use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1446-1453.
Cain, N., & Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep Medicine, 11(8), 735-742.
Chang, A. M., Sanchez, C. A., & Sanchez, J. (2016). Blue light exposure and melatonin suppression. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1415-1423.
Gentile, B., Reimer, R. A., Nath, D., & Walsh, D. A. (2014). Assessing the effects of adolescent social media use on mental health: A systematic narrative review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 661-668.
Gilliland, S. E., & Dunn, J. (2003). Social influence and social change: A psycho-social perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 59(3), 551-571.
Hertz, M., Jelalian, E., & Hart, C. (2017). The impact of social media on adolescent mental health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(6), 739-742.
Király, O., Potenza, M. N., Stein, D. J., King, D. L., Hodgins, S. C., Saunders, J. B., ... & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). Problematic internet use and its relationship with symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(10), 690-697.
Rideout, V. (2019). Digital health practices and health status among adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(5), 539-548.
Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2015). A comparative study of the impact of traditional and social media on body image concerns in young women. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 113-124.
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