**Class 12th CBSE Chemistry Notes**
**Unit 1: Solid State**
* **Types of Solids**: Amorphous solids, Crystalline solids, Molecular solids, Ionic solids, Metallic solids
* **Characteristics of Solids**: Melting point, Boiling point, Density, Hardness, Electrical conductivity, Thermal conductivity
* **Crystal Lattices**: Primitive cells, Unit cells, Face-centered cube, Body-centered cube, End-centered cube
* **Packing in Solids**: Cubic close packing, Hexagonal close packing, Body-centered packing
* **Imperfections in Solids**: Stoichiometric defects, Non-stoichiometric defects
**Unit 2: Solutions**
* **Types of Solutions**: Binary solutions, Ternary solutions, Gaseous solutions, Liquid solutions, Solid solutions
* **Concentration of Solutions**: Molarity, Molality, Normality, Percentage by weight, Volume percentage
* **Colligative Properties**: Vapor pressure, Boiling point, Freezing point, Osmotic pressure
* **Raoult's Law**: Ideal solutions, Non-ideal solutions, Deviation from Raoult's Law
**Unit 3: Electrochemistry**
* **Electrochemical Cells**: Galvanic cells, Electrolytic cells, Salt bridge, Cell potential, Electrochemical reactions
* **Oxidation and Reduction**: Oxidation number, Oxidation state, Reduction, Oxidizing agents, Reducing agents
* **Electrochemical Series**: Standard electrode potential, Electrochemical series, EMF of a cell
* **Batteries and Fuel Cells**: Primary cells, Secondary cells, Fuel cells, Applications of electrochemical cells
**Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics**
* **Rate of a Reaction**: Average rate, Instantaneous rate, Factors affecting rate, Rate constant
* **Law of Mass Action**: Statement, Molecularity, Order of a reaction, Rate equation
* **Integrated Rate Equations**: Zero-order reactions, First-order reactions, Second-order reactions
* **Collision Theory**: Collision frequency, Activation energy, Catalysts, Inhibitors
**Unit 5: Surface Chemistry**
* **Adsorption**: Physisorption, Chemisorption, Adsorption isotherms, Characteristics of adsorption
* **Catalysis**: Homogeneous catalysis, Heterogeneous catalysis, Characteristics of catalysts
* **Colloids**: Types of colloids, Properties of colloids, Purification of colloids
* **Emulsions**: Types of emulsions, Characteristics of emulsions, Applications of emulsions
**Unit 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements**
* **Occurrence of Metals**: Iron, Copper, Zinc, Aluminium
* **Principles of Metallurgy**: Ores, Concentration of ores, Extraction of metals
* **Purification of Metals**: Distillation, Electrolysis, Zone refining
**Unit 7: p-Block Elements**
* **Group 15 Elements**: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth
* **Group 16 Elements**: Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium
* **Group 17 Elements**: Halogens, Properties of halogens, Uses of halogens
* **Group 18 Elements**: Noble gases, Properties of noble gases, Uses of noble gases
**Unit 8: d- and f-Block Elements**
* **d-Block Elements**: Transition metals, Lanthanides, Actinides
* **f-Block Elements**: Inner transition metals, Lanthanides, Actinides
* **Coordination Compounds**: Werner's theory, IUPAC nomenclature, Isomerism in coordination compounds
**Unit 9: Coordination Compounds**
* **Introduction to Coordination Compounds**: Terminology, Nomenclature
* **Isomerism in Coordination Compounds**: Structural isomerism, Stereoisomerism
* **Bonding in Coordination Compounds**: Werner's theory, Valence bond theory
* **Applications of Coordination Compounds**: Biological systems, Catalysis, Analytical chemistry
**Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes**
* **Haloalkanes**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Haloarenes**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Polyhalogen Compounds**: Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
**Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers**
* **Alcohols**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Phenols**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Ethers**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
**Unit 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids**
* **Aldehydes**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Ketones**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Carboxylic Acids**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids**: Acid chlorides, Acid anhydrides, Esters, Amides
**Unit 13: Amines**
* **Amines**: Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Amine Salts**: Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
* **Quaternary Ammonium Compounds**: Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions
**Unit 14: Biomolecules**
* **Carbohydrates**: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
* **Proteins**: Amino acids, Peptide bond, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary structure
* **Nucleic Acids**: DNA, RNA, Nucleotides, Nucleosides
* **Vitamins**: Fat-soluble vitamins, Water-soluble vitamins
**Unit 15: Polymers**
* **Introduction to Polymers**: Classification, Polymerization, Polymerization reactions
* **Types of Polymers**: Natural polymers, Synthetic polymers, Biodegradable polymers
* **Polymer Applications**: Plastics, Fibers, Elastomers, Adhesives
**Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life**
* **Soaps and Detergents**: Preparation, Properties, Uses
* **Cleansing Agents**: Soaps, Detergents, Surfactants
* **Drugs and Medicines**: Types of drugs, Classification, Drug targeting
* **Food Chemistry**: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins
These are the notes for Class 12th CBSE Chemistry. These notes cover all the topics and units prescribed by the CBSE board for Class 12th Chemistry.
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